Alhamdullilah..

alhamdullilah, hari ini kita sudah 3 hari berpuasa. setakat ini alhamdullilah semua berjalan dengan lancar hendaknya. so jom kita update pasal chapter 4 sampailah chapter 6.

CHAPTER 4

In chapter 4 we learn more about it and now the tittle is 

"MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF STRATEGIC INITIATIVES".

 key performance indicator- measures that are tied to business drivers. other than that its similar with detailed measures that feed KPIs. performance also metrics fall into the nebulous area of business intelligence that is neither technology nor business centered but requires input from both IT and business professionals.

EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS

efficiency IT metric is measures the performance of the IT systems itself including throughput, speed and availability.

effectiveness IT metric is measures the IT impact has on business processes and activities including customer satisfaction, conversation rates, and sell through increase.

BENCHMARKING- BASELINING MERTICS

regardless of what is measured, how it is measured, and whether it is for the sake of efficiency or effectiveness there must be benchmarks-baseline values the systems seeks to attain.
benchmarking- a process of continuously measuring systems results, comparing those results to optimal system performance(benchmark values) and identifying steps and procedures to improve systems performance.

THE INTERRELATIONS OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVENESS IT METRICS.

efficiency IT metrics focus on technology and include:

- Throughout

- Transaction speed

- System availability

- Information accuracy

- Web traffic

- Response time

EFFICIENCY IT METRICS

throughout- the amount of information that can travel through a system at any point.

transaction speed- the amount of time a system takes to perform a transaction

system availability- the number of hours a system is available for users.

information accuracy- the extent to which a system generates the correct results when executing the same transaction numerous times.

web traffic- includes a host of benchmark such as the number of page views, the number of unique visitors, and the average time spent viewing a Web page.

response time- the time it takes to respond to user interactions such as a mouse click.

THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS IT METRICS

effectiveness IT metrics focus on an organization's goals, strategies, and objectives and include:

-usability

-customer satisfaction

-conversation rates

-financial

EFFECTIVENESS IT METRICS

usability- the ease with which people perform transactions and or find information. a popular usability metric on the internet is degrees of freedom which measures the number of clicks required to find desired information.

customer satisfaction- measured by such benchmarks as satisfaction surveys, percentage of existing customers retained and increases in revenue dollars per customers

conversation rates- the number of customers an organizations touches for the first time and persuades to purchase its product or services. this is a popular metric for evaluating the effectiveness of banner, pop up and pop under ads on the Internet.

financial- such as return on investment, cost benefit analysis and break-even analysis.

THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS IT METRICS.

security is an issue for any organization offering products or services over the internet.

it is inefficient for an organization to implement internet security since it slows down processing.

- however to be effective it must implement internet security

-secure internet connections must offer encryption and secure sockets layers.

METRICS FOR STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

metric for measuring and managing strategic initiatives include:

- web site metrics

-supply chain management metrics

-customer relationship management metrics

-business process re engineering metrics

-enterprise resource planning metrics

WEB SITE METRICS

-abandoned registrations

-abandoned shopping cards

-click through

-conversation rate

-cost per thousand

-page exposures

-total hits

-unique visitors

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT METRICS

-back order 

-customer order promised cycle time

-customer order actual cycle time

-inventory replenishment cycle time

-inventory turns

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT METRICS

customer relationship management metrics measures user satisfaction and interaction and include:

-sales metrics

-service metrics

-marketing metrics

CHAPTER 5

in this topic we learn about 

''ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT STRATEGIC INITIATIVES.''

organizational structures is employees must work closely together to develop strategic initiatives that create competitive advantages. it also have ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their businesses upon.

IT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

information technology is a relatively new functional area, having only been around formally for around 40 years.

recent IT related strategic positions: 

-chief information officer(CIO)

-chief technology officer(CTO)

-chief security officer(CSO)

-chief privacy officer(CPO)

-chief knowledge office(CKO)

CIO

oversees all uses of IT and ensured the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives

broad CIO function include:

-manager: ensuring the delivery of all IT projects, on time and within budget

-leader: ensuring the strategic vision of IT is in line with the strategic vision of the organization

-communication: building and maintaining strong executive relationships

CTO
responsible for ensuring the throughout, speed, accucary, availability and reliability of IT

CSO
responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems

CPO
responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information

CKO
responsible for collecting, maintaining and distributing the organization's knowledge

THE GAP BETWEEN BUSINESS PERSONNEL AND IT PERSONNEL
-business personnel possess expertise in functional areas such as marketing, accounting and sales
-IT personnel have the technological expertise
-this typically causes a communications gap between the business personnel and IT personnel

IMPROVING COMMUNICATIONS
-business personnel must seek to increase their understanding of IT
-IT personnel must seek to increase their understanding of the business
-it is the responsibility of the CIO to ensure effective communication between business personnel and IT personnel.

ORGANIZATIONAL FUNDAMENTALS- ETHICS AND SECURITY
ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their businesses on to be successful.
in recent years, such events as the Enron and Martha Stewart along with 9/11 have shed new light on the meaning of ethics and security.

ETHICS
the principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people
privacy is a major ethical issue. the meaning of privacy is the right to be left alone when you want to be, to have control over you own personal possessions and not to be observed without your consent.
issues affected by technology advances
-intellectual property
-copyright
-fair use doctrine
-pirated software
-counterfeit software

SECURITY
organizational information is intellectual capital
information security- the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organization
E-business is automatically creates tremendous information security risks for organizations.

CHAPTER 6

"EXPLORING BUSINESS INITIATIVES"

Information is everywhere in an organizations
employees must be able to obtain and analyze the many different levels, formats, and granularities of organizational information to make decisions
successfully collecting, compiling, sorting and analyzing information can provide tredemendous insight into how an organization is performing.

Hello Ramadhan!

hai semua! 

ok, this is my first time buat blog. itu pun kene pakse dengan madam IT. ok sorry madam. actually macam seronok je buat blog. tengok bebudak lain buat blog kan, so nak try lah jugak kan. ok, saya akan ceritakan pasal diri saya seringkas yang boleh. penat nak taip panjang panjang. firstly, nama saya Imnie farahainie binti mat jani. mana datang imnie tu? imnie tu arwah ibu cerita nama gabungan nama dia dengan ayah. nama ibu fatimah dan nama ayah mat jani. so hopefully korang tahu lah dari mana gabungannya. saya lahir di selangor tetapi tinggal di melaka. sekarang belajar di Universiti Teknologi Mara di Lendu, Melaka jugakk. ok bosan tu memang bosan lah. tapi nak buat macam mana. ini yang diberi oleh Allah kan. so kita kene lah terima. saya ambil jurusan business management. minat tu memang minat lah. cerita pasal adik beradik pulak, saya ada 3 orang adik beradik. akak sulung imnie farhana dan adik lelaki imnie fadzlan. yeah, kitaorang 3 orang adik beradik semua ada nama imnie. comelkan? sebab pergi mana mana semua orang tahu nama kitaorang. tapi dekat rumah tak adalah panggil imnie. mahu tak 3 orang toleh gitu kannn. so family saya panggil farah atau mesra sikit kakngah. rasenya cukuplah information seringkas boleh nie.

kenapa permulaan blog saya tulis salam ramadhan? sebab saya buat blog nie betul betul lagi berapa hari nak masuk bulan puasa. dan saya ada berita gembira untuk disampaikan. yes, saya dah jadi antie. jadi raya tahun ini sangatlah meriah dengan adanya baby kecil di rumah. anak akak sulung saya. kitaorang panggil kakyung. dia kahwin last year, and now dah dapat anak. cepatkan? hehehe. alhamdullilah. cucu pertama dan anak buah pertama. her name is Rania Marissa. baby girl. comel. tembam. sebijik macam muka kakyung. bila dah dapat lappy memang nak merapu jee kerje nya. 

jadi, jom kita cerita pasal subjek kegemaran saya pada semester 4 kali ini.

 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS.

CHAPTER 1

"ACHIEVING BUSINESS SUCCESS"

firstly, information technology is everywhere in business.

information technology's impact on business operations

common departments in an organization

accounting
finance
human resources
marketing
production management
sales
operations management
management information systems

basics
information technology(IT) is a field concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information. other than that, information technology is an important enabler of business success and innovation.

management information systems(MIS) is a general name for the business function and academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures to solve business problems. MIS also is a business function similar to Accounting, Finance, Operations, and Human Resources.

When we learn beginning about information technology it is important to understand

·         Data, information, and business intelligences

·    IT resources

·         IT cultures

Data

Raw facts that describe the characteristics of a event

Information

Data converted into a meaningful and useful context

Business intelligence

Applications and technologies that are used to support decision making efforts

IT cultures: Organizational information cultures include

·         Information functional culture

·         Information sharing culture

·         Information inquiring culture

·         Information discovery culture

the meaning is

Information functional culture is where employees use information as a means of exercising influence or power over others. For example, a manager in sales refuses to share information with marketing. This causes marketing to need the sales manager’s input each time a new sales strategy is developed.

Information sharing culture is where employees across departments trust each other to use information to improve performance.

Information inquiring culture is where employees across departments search for information to better understand the future and align themselves with current trends and new directions.

Information discovery culture is where employees across departments are open to new insights about crisis and radical changes and seek ways to create competitive advantages.

CHAPTER 2

"IDENTIFYING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES"

competitive advantages-to survive and thrive an organization must create a competitive advantage
competitive advantage- a product or service that an organization's customers place a greater value on than similar offerings from a competitor.
first mover advantage- occurs when an organizations can significantly impact its market share by being first to market with a competitive advantage.
example like Air Asia. the first company to implement low cost.

organizations watch their competition through environmental scanning
what the means by environmental scanning? the meaning is the acquisition and analysis of events and trends in the environment external to an organization.
three common tools used in industry to analyze and develop competitive advantages include:
-Porter's Five Forces Model
-Porter's three generic strategies
-Value chains.

the five forces model- evaluating business segments
- Porter's Five Forces Model determines the relative attractiveness of an industry

buyer power
- high when buyers have many choices of whom to buy from and low when their choices are few
-one way to reduce buyer power is through loyalty programs.
loyalty program is rewards customers based on the amount of business they do with particular organization.

supplier power
-high when buyers have few choices of whom to buy from and low when their choices are many.
-supply chain is consists of all parties involved in the procurement of a product or raw material.
-organizations that are buying goods and services in the supply chain can create a competitive advantage by locating alternative supply sources through B2B marketplaces.
business to business(B2B) marketplace is an internet based service that brings together many buyers and sellers.
-two types of business to business marketplaces is private exchange and reverse auction.
private exchange is a single buyer posts its needs and the opens the bidding to any supplier who would care to bid. reverse auction is an auction format in which increasingly lower bids are solicited from organizations willing to supply the desired product or service at an increasingly lower price.

threat of substitute products or services
-high when there are many alternatives to a product or service and low when there are few alternatives from which to choose.
-switching cost is cost that can make customers reluctant to switch to another product or service.

threat of new entrants
-high when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market and low when there are significant entry barriers to entering a market.
entry barrier is a product or service feature that customers have come to expect from organizations in a particular industry and must be offered by an entering organization to complete and survive.

rivalry among existing competitors
-high when competition is fierce in a market and low when competition is more complacent.
-although competition is always more intense in some industries than in others the overall trend is toward increased competition in just about every industry.

value creation
-once an organization chooses its strategy it can use tools such as the value chain to determine the success or failure of its chosen strategy.
-business process is a standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task, such as processing a customer's order.
-value cash is a views an organization as a series of processes each of which adds value to the product or service for each customer.

CHAPTER 3

"STRATEGIC INITIATIVES"

-organizations can undertake high profile strategic initiatives including:

-supply chain management(SCM)
-customer relationship management(CRM)
-business process re engineering(BPR)
-enterprise resource planning(ERP)

SCM
-involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total   supply chain effectiveness and profitability.
-the four basic components of supply chain management include:
supply chain strategy= strategy for managing all resources to meet customer demand
supply chain partner= partners throughout the supply chain that deliver finished products, raw materials, and services.
supply chain operation= schedule for production activities
supply chain logistics= product delivery process
-effective and efficient SCM systems can enable an organization to=
decrease the power of its buyers
increase its own supplier power
increase switching costs to reduce the threat of substitute products or services
create entry barriers there by reducing the threat of new entrants
increase efficiencies while seeking a competitive advantage through cost leadership

CRM
-involves managing all aspects of  a customer's relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention and an organization's profitability.
-many organizations, such as Charles Schwab and Kaiser Permanente, have obtained great success through the implementation of CRM systems.
-CRM is not just technology but a strategy, process, and business goal that an organization must embrace on an enterprisewide level.
-CRM can enable an organization to=
identify types of customers
design individual customer marketing campaigns
treat each other customers as an individual
understand customer buying behaviors

BPR
-business process is a standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task, such as processing a customer's order.
-the analysis and redesign of workflow with in and between enterprise
-re engineering the corporation=book written by Micheal Hammer and James Champy  that recommend seven principles for BPR.
-seven principles of business process re engineering
organize around  outcomes, not tasks
identify all the organizations process and prioritize them in order of re design urgency.
integrate information processing work into the real work that produces the information
treat geographically dispersed resources as though they were centralized
link parallel activities in the workflow instead of just integrating their results
put the decision point where the work is performed, and build control the process
capture information once and at the source
-finding opportunity using BPR are a company can improve the way it travels the road by moving from foot to horse and then horse to car
-BPR also looks at taking a different path such as airplane which ignore the road completely.
-pitfalls of BPR is fails to keep up with competitors.

EPR
-integrates all departments and functions throughout an organization into a single IT system so that employees can make decisions by viewing enterprise wide information on all business operations.
-the keyword in ERP is 'enterprise'.
-EPR systems collect data from across an organization and correlates the data generating an enterprise wide view.